Global trends in financing higher education highlight challenges in sustainability, equity, and access. Public authorities remain key players, employing funding mechanisms such as block grants, performance-based models, competitive research funding, and targeted subsidies . However, fiscal pressures have driven a shift toward cost-sharing, with increased tuition fees,income-contingent loans, and reliance on international student revenues. These developments raise important questions: How can equitable access be maintained? What is the appropriate balance between public funding and private contributions? As universities adapt to globalization, digital transformation, and market dynamics, there is a growing need for flexible, inclusive, and sustainable financing models aligned with long-term societal goals.
